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Finally, we provide the following distortion theorem for the considered class of functions M K ( k ).
As the embedding is performed in the quantized coefficient domain, it is convenient to normalize with the quantization step-size and use the following distortion value instead: (3).
(1) Moreover, if f is a (C^{1}) diffeomorphism, then taking limit from (1) when (brightarrow a) and (crightarrow d), we get the following distortion: R a,d f)=frac{(f(d -f(a))^{2}}{(d -f^{2}}cdotfrac{1}{f'(a)f'(d)}.
Incorporating the power constraints by the Lagrange multipliers λ and μ, we define the following distortion measure for optimizing the rate R ( x, P i ) = q 0 log 2 1 + P i h N 0 f ( x | H 0 ) - μ q 1 γ P i f ( x | H 1 ) + q 1 log 2 1 + P i h N 0 + g 2 P p f ( x | H 1 ) - λ P i q 0 f ( x | H 0 ) + q 1 f ( x | H 1 ).
In this model the relationship between the radius of a distorted point x′ (i.e. r d = || x′ − x c||2) and the radius of an undistorted point x (i.e. r u = || x − x c||2) is formulated by the following simple equation: (7) r u = r d 1 + ξ · r d 2. After some reordering of the terms we end up with the following distortion function (8) f (r ) = r d = 2 · r 1 + 1 − 4 · ξ · r 2, with r = r u.
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During the DA/AD conversions, digital audio signal will suffer from the following distortions [29]: 1) Noise produced by soundcards during DA conversion; 2) Modification of audio signal energy and noise energy; 3) Noise in analog channel; 4) Noise produced by soundcard during AD conversion including quantization distortion. .
Diffusion MR data were first corrected for eddy-current distortion and for susceptibility distortion following the method of Andersson et al. [50] using Matlab (Matlab7, Mathworks) codes incorporated in SPM5 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/).ac.uk/spm/
The thin coats of the eye are not sufficiently rigid in themselves to withstand distortion following the pull of the extraocular muscles when the eye is rotated.
The distortion following neck dissection and the inflammatory reaction and loss of fat planes following radiotherapy makes identification of tumour very difficult using either CT or MRI.
Although there is no consensus definition of CP, recent practice guidelines have adopted a pragmatic definition of CP based on signs of pancreatic fibrosis and gland distortion following recommendations proposed by the Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, known as the Cambridge Classification.
The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and magnitude of subsequent PET image distortions following MR-AC.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com