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The active foliar area (AFA) is a key parameter in banana crop models, but it is hard to evaluate and existing in vivo assessment models are unreliable.
Variables measured included food consumption (foliar area eaten in 24 h), mortality, and developmental effects (developmental time for each larval instar and the pupa, and pupal weight).
For both sites, KL increased with increasing Qint, leading to a greater foliar area and dry mass per unit shoot length, as well as to larger MS and foliar nitrogen content per unit silhouette area at higher irradiance.
Valentine and Hilton (1977) used this method to obtain estimates of leaf counts, foliar area, and foliar mass of mature Quercus species.
Additionally, the ratio of root length to foliar area was calculated before and at the end of the trial.
For pea plants, the size and localization of stipules and leaflets would indeed determine the amount of foliar area exposed to solar radiation.
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An examination of 598 leaves from the Lower Permian (late Sakmarian) Coprolite Bone Bed (CBB) site in north-central Texas, USA, reveals low herbivory levels based on analyses of foliar surface-area removed (0.25%) and frequency of herbivorized leaves (15.6%).
Leaf-mine fossils predominate as compressions or impressions of foliage, and almost never are present as leaf fossils in amber [ 57], a pattern reflecting the considerably greater foliar surface areas available in fine-grained slabs of sedimentary matrix, when compared to an amber record of miniscule, entombed leaf fragments.
The database used contains latest land and forest distributions, updated foliar biomass densities, leaf area indices (LAI), and plant as well as chemical compound-specific emission potentials, if available.
In 1999, there was no treatment effect on area-based foliar N; however, by 2008, N content in eCO2 foliage was 17%% less than that in aCO2 foliage.
Stand-level foliar biomass, peak projected leaf area index (LAI), foliar nitrogen (N) content, specific leaf area (SLA), and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) were significantly greater for stands planted at higher densities, while live crown length and crown ratio were significantly greater for stands planted at the lower densities.
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