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With perfect plasticity, a tree crown length equals the distance from the top to the contact level z∗, plus the depth d of the foliage layer: L i = H i − z ∗ + d, (13) and z∗ is related to stand density N as described in Section 'Perfect plasticity'.
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Deer browsing strongly altered vegetation structure by reducing canopy cover and shrub layer foliage density.
Rainforests are vegetation types dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a dense upper canopy (layer of foliage) and contain a diverse array of vegetation.
One squirrel lost its grip and fell, crashing through the layers of foliage.
"Firebird," for example, uses feathered lines to hint at a fantastic avian creature hidden amid the layers of foliage, while "Eye Movement" is filled with plant leaves and seed pods that shift into optical motifs.
The amount of sunlight filtering through the many layers of foliage in a tropical rainforest is small; only about 1 percent of the light received at the top of the canopy reaches the ground.
Instruments flown on aircraft can profile the layers of foliage in a forest, and the Mars Global Surveyor (see Mars: Spacecraft exploration) used a laser altimeter to map elevations on the Martian surface.
The second, less pronounced increase in avian richness and density from years 25 to 100 was associated with (1) the redistribution of foliage to all vertical layers of the forest resulting from the increasing size and duration of canopy gaps caused by tree deaths; and (2) the increasing size and bark complexity of tree boles, which provided new foraging and nesting substrates.
I used to like gay pride when it was full of terrifying South London studs and badly dressed gays peeing behind thin layers of foliage in Soho Square.
Due to layering of foliage, litter, duff, and cryptobiotics, it was possible for cumulative cover to exceed 100%%.
My own favourite is Glaschu (1999), in which a pattern outline from a paisley carpet, drawn from flowers and foliage, pierces a thinly poured layer of cement floor in an elegant neo-classical interior, so that living verdure sprouts from the meandering cracks.
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