The cotyledons are foliaceous in Tinospora and fleshy in the other six genera.
Pseudobulbs approximate, ovoid or elliptic-oblong, compressed, enveloped at the base by papery or foliaceous sheaths.
The genus Tinospora may be the most original condition among seven genera of Taiwan with its characteristics of terminal style position, straight-shaped seed, and foliaceous cotyledons.
The ancestral conditions for Menispermaceae are synapomorphies of foliaceous cotyledons, no synandrium, and the terminal position of the style scar (Jacques and Bertolino 2008), as well as straight-shaped seeds (Ortiz et al. 2007).
Pseudobulbs ovoid, usually round in cross-section, distributed on elongate creeping rhizome, sometimes caespitose, but clusters of pseudobulbs usually distantly remote along the rhizome, with 2 6 foliaceous bracts.
In this study, we suggest that the morphological phylogeny of the genus Tinospora is the most original condition among seven genera in Taiwan because of foliaceous cotyledons, terminal style scar, and straight-shaped seed; the genera Cissampelos, Cyclea, and Stephania are derived from Cocculus, Pericampylus, and Sinomenium because of a synapomorphy of no synandrium.
There is less agreement on the status of the subclass Phyllocarida with its single extant order, Leptostraca, depending on whether foliaceous (leaf-like) limbs have a single or multiple origin.
The live coral microhabitat was further categorized as: branching, corymbose, encrusting, foliaceous, massive, plate or submassive, based on the growth forms described in [35].
Conversely, branch spacing within plate corals may be too tight to permit easy movement by juvenile fish, whilst branching and foliaceous colonies may be too open, allowing access by predators.
The genus Tomanthera was distinguished from Agalinis by lack of the yellow guide lines on the lower corolla lip and by having large, lobed leaves; foliaceous calyx lobes; retrorsely hispid stems; raised seed reticulations; and reduced anther cells on the posterior stamens [ 3].
Cases of arthritis, 32 pemphigus foliaceous, 33 psoriasis, 34 actinic cheilitis, 35 pityriasis rubra pilaris, 36 alopecia, 37 erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp, 38 and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus 39 attributed to treatment with imiquimod have been alleged in the literature.
