Most protein mimics of DNA have strikingly hydrophobic cores that likely stabilize the protein fold despite substantial charge localization and a relatively small internal volume enforced by the restrictions from DNA size.
Therefore, as calculated by the expression levels in the CuE-treated cells divided by those in the vehicle-treated cells, we considered changes of>2-fold as substantial upregulation and changes of<0.5-fold as downregulation.
No gross morphological damage to the proximal intestine could be observed in either Experiment 1 or 2. The distal intestine had a more complex structure in that it contained complex folds with substantial connective tissue and simple folds with less connective tissue.
Figure 2A shows that serum increased the fraction of delaminated lipid by 1.6-fold, with substantial vesicle shedding within 4 h that continued slowly through 48 h.
However, the exposure contrast between the samples with low level (p5) and high level of calculated ER-EEQ and AhR-TEQ was in the range of 5- to 10-fold, indicating substantial differences in the amount of chemicals present in the samples with low and high activity (Bonefeld-Jorgensen et al. 2006; Long et al. 2006).
The effect is substantial, fold inductions at 3 μg CIS plasmid being 57-, 55- and 27-fold in three independent assays.
I pushed the laryngoscope past the substantial fold of her tongue until I could see the orifice, and asked for the tube.
Besides ES genes, other genes with less substantial fold change, referred to as ES-neutral genes, may also be informative.
As might be predicted, a substantial fold increase could be observed for genes related to inflammation (for example, Cxcl5, Cxcl1, Il-6, Il-1), cell adhesion (for example, integrin β3, cadherin 5) and proteolysis (for example, Mmp-9, Mmp-19).
For keratin 6A, although the 3′ end of the transcript had >10,000-fold coverage, most of the transcript was covered at ~100-fold, and a substantial 5′ portion, including much of the CDS and all of the 5′ UTR, had zero coverage.
