Sentence examples for fold redundant from inspiring English sources

Separate statistics were kept for codons of different redundancy (six, four, three, and two fold redundant codon systems).

Thus, f2 is the fraction of identical nucleotides at two fold redundant sites, f2R is the fraction of identical nucleotides at two fold redundant sites involving purine-purine transitions, f2Y is the fraction of identical nucleotides at two fold redundant sites involving pyrimidine-pyrimidine transitions, and f4 is the fraction of identical nucleotides at four fold redundant sites.

A formalism to analyze divergence at two fold redundant codon systems is presented.

Last, we have shown that the variance arising from examining four fold redundant sites, where both transitions and transversions operate, is larger than the variance observed at two fold redundant sites, where only transitions operate.

For this reason, two fold redundant sites in these systems are expected to follow "approach to equilibrium" kinetics.

The fraction of T at the two fold redundant sites involving Cys, Asp, Phe, His, Asn, and Tyr (feqT) is 0.45 and 0.43 in mouse and rat respectively.

For each mitochondrial genome, AT and GC skews were calculated for the majority strand, all codon positions, third codon positions, two-fold redundant third codon positions and four-fold redundant third codon positions of protein-coding genes.

Here, we calculated AT and GC skews for all codon positions, third codon positions, two-fold redundant third codon positions, and four-fold redundant third codon positions for individual protein-coding genes (Figure 4, Figure S1 and Table S1).

Only synonymous changes at third codon positions were simulated (six-fold redundant codons evolved as two-fold or four-fold families).

Consider a two-fold redundant codon where A1 represents a major codon (relative fitness = 1) and A2 represents a minor codon (relative fitness = 1−s).

At four-fold redundant third codon positions, where selection has little or no effect on nucleotide composition, AT skew values for most genes, coded on both majority and minority strand in mitochondrial genomes with normal replication origin, are positive.