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The existing land zoning in Upper Konto catchment is in name 'land-sparing' but de facto combined with 'land sharing' approach with access to cut and carry fodder sources in watershed protection areas.
Furthermore, traditional livestock keeping, which relied on various fodder sources and fertilisation techniques to improve poor soil quality, and mixed systems mostly co-occurred with higher regional ecosystem service richness.
In response, multi-canopy intensive silvopastoral systems (ISS), which includes herbs, shrubs and trees, have been developed to provide local fodder sources for livestock while reducing the need for external inputs with a goal to conserve landscapes and improve soil quality.
Fig. 10 Detail of US livestock intake of fodder and forage (a) and US fodder sources (b).
This trend is similar to other fodder sources, where valuable nutrients decrease with plant age because of the relative increase in fibre content (Nefzaoui and Ben Salem, 1998).
Similar(55)
For domesticated sheep, consistently high ð13C values visible in intra-tooth sequences and 13C enrichment in enamel with a winter season formation period indicates pronounced graze intake throughout the year including receipt of a C4 fodder source during the winter months.
Charlton et al. (2003) also mentioned similar rotations for the exploitation of New Zealand trees as fodder source, associating pollarding and coppicing.
But this can by achieved only if alternative fodder and fuel sources can be developed for draught animals as well as for the provision of domestic energy supply.
They also researched animal nutrition, including the value of different fodders and the sources of animal fat.
The cattle were raised for an average of 18 months, but because of variation in dietary sources of fodder (see below), we assumed (conservatively) that cattle consumed fodder from the FP for only 6 months.
There are various sources of fodder - public forest, agricultural residue, shrubland, pasture and grazing land, terrace risers, and private fodder trees.
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