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These new contracts are assumed to restrict the flexibility of farmers to react on changes in milk price as well as on changes in fodder availability.
An additional risk-management strategy under a monthly contract is an increase in the area used as intensive pasture to ensure fodder availability in years with unfavorable weather.
This study explored the use of the spatially explicit FALLOW model, with a new livestock module, to assess the impact of land use zoning strategies, in combination with access to fodder harvesting, on welfare, fodder availability and landscape carbon stocks in the Upper Konto catchment, Indonesia.
Scenario analysis revealed that the existing land zoning approach is the most promising in terms of balancing fodder availability, farmers' welfare (total profits gained from production in the landscape minus products consumed by people living in the area) and ecosystem functions (with above-ground carbon stocks as indicator).
The limited fodder availability along the trekking routes in particular triggered early arrival and longer stay at both upland and lowland grazing areas, leading to their overgrazing.
The existing expansions of traditional farming practices into grasslands, natural vegetations and marginal lands eventually led to a decrease in fodder availability and gradual soil quality deterioration.
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Apparently, both the existence of private brush lands as a source of fodder and the availability of chemical fertilizer have rifled excessive pressure from the common brush area.
Practices involved in this case to make fodder foliage available to livestock did not match the specific cycle of harvesting we describe here, but were rather based on tree species choices and on the perceived immediate leaf availability.
Hence, a decreasing availability of fodder trees may affect landless herders first.
Table 5 Trends in fodder trees and shrub availability in the study area.
The duration of their stay in Niti valley depends on the availability of fodder and mainly on climatic conditions, namely precipitation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com