Previous studies have focused on speciation events, but gene duplication is another lineage splitting event, analogous to speciation, and gene loss or deletion is analogous to extinction.
Although we focus on speciation events spanning the last 10 million years (Myr), CYB sequences display highly saturated codon positions contrary to the nuclear exon.
Papers citing Stephens et al. [ 10] or Stephens and Donnelly [ 11], and focusing on phylogeography, speciation or hybridization of natural populations of non-primate animals, were identified using Web of Science® (accessed December 2009).
Combined usage of other teaching resources focusing on the timescale of speciation (e.g., Metzger 2011) could be effective.
Empirical studies focusing on phylogeography, hybridization and speciation that use PHASE often estimate these parameters (Table 1).
However, an examination of papers focusing on phylogeography, hybridization and speciation indicates that in most empirical applications of PHASE, unresolved genotypes are simply omitted from the dataset (Table 1).
Molecular markers developed for plant and animal species have been instrumental in answering many biological questions about the natural world, including, for example, those focusing on mating systems, effective population sizes, speciation, and taxonomy.
In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of chromosomal reorganizations in adaptation and speciation processes [ 1– 4], and more specifically on the influence of genome shuffling in recombination ([ 5] and references therein).
Vrba (1980 , 1985 1992) essentially extended vicariance biogeography directly into the realm of evolutionary theory by focusing on the significant role that climate change plays in causing evolution via the mechanisms of geographic isolation and allopatric speciation.
Much theoretical work on the genetics of small introduced populations focuses on founder-effect speciation and includes the classic works of Mayr (1942) and Carson (1968).
