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Like many discussions we have had with your policy team previously, your email focuses on inputs.
As we could not get data about the output indicator of quality because of our research design, our discussion here focuses on inputs (number and qualifications of academic staff) and partly on the process indicator (teaching and learning).
Documentation of program implementation focuses on inputs and processes.
Indeed, some authors have found that (democratic) deliberation, as the name implies, focuses on inputs without any guarantee of collaborative outputs.
Joly et al. [ 55] propose a logic model approach which focuses on inputs, strategies, outputs, and multiple level outcomes, with emphasis on accredited public health agencies as the input of interest.
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Reports tend to focus on inputs and outputs, on one hand, and on trends in girls' education (e.g. GER and NER), on the other.
Indeed the impression is given that talking about teachers is to focus on inputs, when we should now be solely focused on outcomes - without seeing the self-evident connections between them.
This is routinely ignored, both by policy makers (who focus on inputs such as class sizes or laptops) and by teacher leaders (who argue that their members should be left alone in their classrooms to do what they want).
Answers to such questions cannot be found, typically, in the sort of data churned out annually in the U.S. News and World Report rankings, which tend to focus on inputs like average SAT scores or college rejection rates.
"The big rap on rankings, which has a great deal of truth to it, is that they're excessively focused on inputs," said Ben Wildavsky, author of "The Great Brain Race," who said that measuring faculty size or publications, or counting the books in the university library, as some rankings do, tells you more about a university's resources than about how those resources impact on students.
Russian R&D statistics consistently focus on inputs, a legacy of Soviet emphasis on investment.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com