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The eight groups of focus questions from the guide are shown in Table 1.
In cycle 1, the dK1 focus questions ask students to identify a thing what was it they heard?
Focus questions are: (1) what is meant by patient autonomy, i.e. how is this autonomy conceptualised and (2) which factors influence patient autonomy.
Teachers orally prepare and elaborate meanings from their own knowledge, and their Focus questions typically ask students to propose answers from their knowledge.
In this case, the teacher's dK1 focus questions carefully guide students to appropriate responses, by precisely locating the answers in the shared text.
Furthemore, Focus questions often provide little or no clue to the desired response, but require students to interpret one from their knowledge.
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A second focus question then emphasises that the target wording immediately follows, heard what?
Both cycles here are initiated with a dK1 focus question that provides guidance.
The dK1 focus question invites students to display their knowledge, adding a memory prompt from a prior lesson.
In 10 he asks a focus question about their activity, which restates the preparation what can you do to them?
This is perhaps the most common type of Focus question, that expects students to infer an appropriate response.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com