Previous studies have focused on speciation events, but gene duplication is another lineage splitting event, analogous to speciation, and gene loss or deletion is analogous to extinction.
Papers citing Stephens et al. [ 10] or Stephens and Donnelly [ 11], and focusing on phylogeography, speciation or hybridization of natural populations of non-primate animals, were identified using Web of Science® (accessed December 2009).
Applications of these thermospray methods are then discussed, with particular focus on methods for metal speciation, including the description of new methods which utilize thermospray as a high temperature, high pressure chemical reactor for direct speciation of metals such as selenium and chromium.
Most of these models focus on allopatric or vicariant speciation.
Ecological models of speciation focus on the evolution of ecological differentiation through divergent natural selection.
Furthermore, in considering only groups of organisms that reproduce sexually, I will focus on the phenomenon of speciation.
Most sexual selection models of speciation focus on the diversification of mating strategies through divergent sexual selection.
Since the emergence of the Biological Species Concept (Dobzhansky, 1935; Dobzhansky, 1937; Mayr, 1942), research on speciation has focused largely on the role of reproductive isolation in generating and maintaining biological diversity.
