For the proof of concept, the sequential imaging focus and magnification test of MLL is demonstrated using simultaneous EWOD and electromagnetic actuation.
The proposed MLL offers a simple design structure to be easily miniaturized but covers a wide range of imaging focus and magnification operations for high optical performance.
For fixed focus, the magnification of the camera is not changed by the addition or removal of planar interfaces between the camera and the object; however, the location of the focal plane where that magnification holds, does change.
We should emphasize that "inadequate photographs" did not imply that they were technically poor with regard to focus or magnification, rather the photograph did not show a key part, for example, the floral details of orchids.
Using this phase compensation mechanism, plane wave focusing and magnification are possible.
Considering the fact that a conventional microscope has only 55 μm depth of focus at this magnification level, the increase enabled by the proposed RBL based microscope is over 25 times.
The area of interest in the tissue section was brought into focus at 10X magnification within 1 μm precision by the computer controlled movement of the Robostage.
We used the 13-item Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) to measure patients' negative or exaggerated attitudes towards pain with a specific focus on rumination, magnification and helplessness [ 19, 32, 33].
Following which, the area of interest in the tissue section was brought to focus at 20X magnification on the computer monitor connected to the microscope and delineated using a computer graphic tool.
Intense red, pink or faint pink, round or oval structures were especially searched for and brought to focus under higher magnification for confirmation and detailed study of their morphology.
