The findings were grouped into six stages according to Fastenberg et al. [ 11]; i.e., stage 0, no lesions; stage 1, intravitreal membranes; stage 2, retinal focal traction; stage 3, focal retinal detachment involving less than two quadrants; stage 4, extensive retinal detachment involving more than two quadrants; and stage 5, total retinal detachment, folds, and holes.
This result is further supported by the observation that focal adhesions and traction forces are primarily localized at the periphery of cell clusters, consistent with a previous report (Mertz et al., 2013).
As previously reported by the Dufresne group (Mertz et al., 2012, 2013) and shown here in Figure 7 and Figure 8, focal adhesion numbers and traction force magnitudes are higher along the outer periphery of the cluster, suggesting that cell cell forces are derived from cell matrix forces that occur mainly at the cluster periphery.
Gardel, M. L. et al. Traction stress in focal adhesions correlates biphasically with actin retrograde flow speed.
Morimatsu, M., Mekhdjian, A. H., Chang, A. C., Tan, S. J. & Dunn, A. R. Visualizing the interior architecture of focal adhesions with high-resolution traction maps.
Morimatsu, M., Mekhdjian, A.H., Chang, A.C., Tan, S.J. & Dunn, A.R. Visualizing the interior architecture of focal adhesions with high-resolution traction maps.
Han, S. J., Bielawski, K. S., Ting, L. H., Rodriguez, M. L. & Sniadecki, N. J. Decoupling substrate stiffness, spread area, and micropost density: a close spatial relationship between traction forces and focal adhesions.
The distribution of traction forces on focal adhesions (FAs) was also demonstrated for simulating the living cell features.
These changes can resolve or may progress to fibrosis, traction bronchiectasis and focal honey combing.
Recently a follow-up screen [ 63] highlighted the effect of specific knockdowns on the cell polarization response together with changes in focal adhesion formation and cell traction force.
These experiments revealed that thick ventral stress fibers exhibit stronger traction forces to focal adhesions as compared to forces applied by dorsal stress fibers, similarly to what was recently demonstrated with model-based traction force microscopy by Soine et al. (2015).
