In addition, the focal and partner cells affected each other's fitness positively, negatively, or neutrally.
The latency and frequency of pulls were noted and the focal and partner rats were weighed after each replicate.
Purpose: Under the overall guidance of the UNICEF emergency specialist, the SSA will work closely with Health, WASH and C4D Clusters and focal points, partners (INGOs, LNGOs/CBOs/FBOs) and Ministry of Health and Ministry of Water to channel UNICEF support to scabies outbreak responses.
Because of this experimental design both control and experimental periods varied in length (control mean = 43.1 min, range 28 109 min; experimental mean = 36.4 min, range 17 61 min; N.B. in a few instances the playback period was <30 min because the focal bird's partner was present when they visited the nest towards the end of the experimental period, so no begging calls were broadcast).
For the second experiment, the social partners were food restricted over night to induce hunger and were presented to the focal rats as partners in the same experimental setup but without changing the donors' workload, which was kept at 1 newton.
To investigate how the overall social attraction of both fish in a pair affected their coordination, we ran a Spearman rank correlation; to determine its role in leadership behaviour we ran a linear model with, as response variable, the number of trips on which the focal individual led its partner, and the social attraction score of the focal fish and its partner as predictors.
In the postcopulatory male reluctance experiment, we used a GLM with binomial distribution entering whether focal snails inseminated their partner first, with treatment (control or inseminated focals) as a fixed factor.
During the pairing stage, fish in adjacent compartments (a 'pair') could be in different collective states: focal fish and their partner could both be out of cover (collective movement) or focal fish could be out alone during the initiation of these collective movements (initiation), during the return of these trips terminated by the partner (return) and during solitary trips (solo trip).
The average distance of focal fish to their partner's compartment did not differ significantly between trips initiated by the focal fish (i.e. when leading; 37.7 ± 4.4 mm) and those initiated by their partner (i.e. when following; 33.9 ± 3.2 mm; t34 = 0.69, P = 0.494).
We excluded cases in which neither the focal fish nor its partner went out of cover during the isolation stage or the focal fish did not go out of cover during the pairing stage as no social attraction score could be calculated.
