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However, outside the focal observation period, we could observe a resident and a roaming male to repeatedly visit the same latrine tree to defecate, urinate and place glandular scent marks.
Similarly, defence against the introduced predator was analysed using a GEE with groups as subjects (n = 33 groups, each group observed alongside a focal observation).
Animals were observed on different days for 30 min focal observation periods equally spread between 06:00 and 18 00 h.
The behaviour of 126 piglets (in 21 groups of 6 piglets) was scored from video by continuous focal observation lasting 90 min per piglet each on days 4 and 18 after introduction to the artificial rearing system.
This bird became the focal individual for a 3-minute focal observation.
Approximately 3 5 h of focal observation were collected per individual.
Similar(47)
As in experiment 1, we conducted focal observations of foraging weavers, scored these focals using JWatcher 1.0, and analyzed the data with two-way analysis of variance models.
Video recordings were made of the sheep, the driver, the speedometer and the drivers' view of the road ahead and were analyzed by continuous focal observations.
Animal behaviour was evaluated by applying direct coded focal observations (SA – standing alert, SC – standing calm, M – movement, EF – eating forage, DW – drinking water, V – vocalizing, SI – positive or negative social interactions, S – stereotypies, and O – others) for three time periods on non-work days, and during rest periods of the last patrol day for each experimental stage.
For focal observations one individual bird was selected at random.
At El Garrapatero, we made focal observations of individuals to determine pairing status and nest location.
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