Here, a substitutive neighbourhood approach was used to examine the role of assemblage density and neighbour identity in the growth and nutritional strategy of a focal individual.
Conceivably, one could continue for several steps out from a focal individual, i.e., should the friend of a friend of a friend still part of the same group.
We have quantified faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations in focal individual elephants within and across herds, inhabiting both anthropogenic and natural habitats, and evaluated their physiological responses to different socio-ecological situations between November 2013 and April 2014.
Using either S. muticum or C. humilis as the focal species, we monitored the focal individual growth responses and nutrient content in the field, with two different densities of neighbours.
An important feature is that for any given focal individual, its resource-specific structure functions can differ dramatically in the environment; we explain how one might employ multivariate functions into our theory.
This bird became the focal individual for a 3-minute focal observation.
As such, Betweenness measures the number of shortest paths between all pairs of other individuals that include the focal individual.
Also, we found preening to occur more likely after the focal individual was actively attacking than being attacked.
We measured behavior during migratory stopover using scan and focal individual sampling to determine how birds were using crop fields.
Player 1 is the mutant individual, and Player 2 is the rest of the group; symmetry implies that the choice of focal individual is arbitrary.
The focal individual was asked to change the morphological aspects of the female silhouette until it represented his ideal partner by turning dials controlling stature and BMI.
