Finally, the effects of chemical and physical blowing agents (water vs. isopentane) were compared on the foaming rate and foam structure.
Numerical modeling shows that stress-field overlap increases foaming rate when pores are clustered, and also cause anisotropic pore growth.
The relative importance of creep and superplastic deformation upon foaming rate, rate of porosity opening and maximum porosity was studied by changing the thermal cycling frequency and maximum temperature.
Pore expansion during thermal cycling (840 1030 °C, which induces transformation superplasticity in Ti 6Al 4V) improves both the foaming rate (by reducing the flow stress) and the final porosity (by delaying fracture of the pores and subsequent escape of the gas), as compared to isothermal pore expansion at 1030 °C, where Ti 6Al 4V creep is the controlling mechanism.
Raising the argon content in the billet increases the foaming rates for both creep and superplastic conditions, in general agreement with an analytical model taking into account the non-ideal behavior of high-pressure Ar and the pore size dependence of surface tension.
However, its effectiveness heavily depends on the foam application rate, foam generator location, and the design of LNG spill containment dike.
The increase in bubble caps per tray also increased the foam production rate, leading to increasing the adsorptive transport.
It was found that as the foam application rate increases, the fire extinguishing and burn back protection performances of compressed air foam can be evidently improved.
It was found that the foam spreading rate is independent of foam water ratio for low concentrated mixtures whereas for dense sand foam mixtures, the foam water ratio plays an important role in the fluidity of the mixtures.
The most economical and efficient foam application rate on gasoline pool fire was 3.48 L/ (min· m2), and the minimum foam solution dosage to 90% control and entirely extinguish the fire were 0.99 L/ m2 and 2.38 L/ m2 respectively.
Micro-CT scanning technology was adopted to characterise the geometrical properties of fractures, in order to investigate the effect of foam flow rate within the fracture.
