The smaller the gap the smaller the upward flux increase needed to surpass the surface value; the stronger the stratospheric positive temperature gradient and optical depth, the greater the upward flux increase with height (Figs. 3d, e, S2d-e).
However, instant flux increase of approximately 5% was observed when ClO2 was injected.
Further flux increase can be achieved by creating zones contributing to the third diffraction order.
The upregulation of a malate/lactate dehydrogenase encoding gene could be connected to a flux increase from malate to oxaloacetate.
The maximal 48 69% flux increase obtained without extra energy consumption is a real advantage of the helical membranes.
The stronger optical depth enhances the stratospheric upward flux increase such that the upward flux surpasses its surface value for the central portion of the 667 cm−1 CO2 band (from about 640 to 690 cm−1).
The optical depth is too weak at this height for the upward flux increase to surpass its surface value, explaining the positive GHE for the overwhelming majority of the CO2 band.
The best model, described in this paper, shows that significant benefits (operational improvements, additional flexibility and neutron flux increase) can be achieved without modification of existing instruments.
The flux increase may be due to dislodging of some of the deposited material from the membrane surface due to shearing during cross-flow filtration conditions.
Errors in estimated flux increase for strong upwelling (>1.0 m/day) or downwelling (<−1.0 m/day), although the direction of flux is still accurate.
As the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the normal to the bow shock decreases, ion flux increase and ion spectra soften.
