Meteoric recharge at the land surface was injected at a constant rate (17 cm yr−1 at 20 °C), and a constant heat flow of 6.9 × 10−2 W m−2 (c.a. the mean continental heat flux) was supplied at the base of the model.
A 16/8-h day/night light regime was provided by high-pressure mercury and halogen lamps supporting the natural sunlight entering through the transparent glass roof and outside wall, resulting in a daytime irradiance of ∼400 600 µmol m−2 s−1 (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) at the base of the plant pots.
In ASM regions, where the climatological mean vertical motion is upward, the area mean precipitation, P, can be expressed as: P = {alpha}Mq, (1 where M is the upward mass flux at cloud base, q is the specific humidity at cloud base, and α is a scale factor representing the bulk precipitation efficiency, defined as rainfall per unit moisture flux at cloud base.
This period was preceded by more than 2 months of increase in both CO2 flux and displacement rate at the base of the NE vents area (up to 0.55 mm/h on 8 10 May 2011) [ Di Traglia et al., 2013].
Prior to the ice storm, fluxes of nitrate (NO3-) at the base of W1 and W6 were similar and were much lower than N inputs in atmospheric deposition.
According to Lee and Richardson (2011), as vertical resolution was increased in their radiative-convective model, the gradient of net upward infrared (IR) flux increased at the cloud base (dashed line in Figure 1).
However, if there is transient subgrid-scale turbulence and an IR flux gap at the cloud base, [θ′w′]Bottom might be locally and transiently nonzero for a small domain.
A constant heat flux of 100 wasm2 wappliedied at the base of copper substrate while on the other side a heat sink model was designed.
Under GHG, over the ASM domain, a given moist parcel rising from cloud base will lose cloud liquid mass by dry detrainment as it encounters drier air in the MCB, and thus yield less precipitation per unit moisture flux at cloud base, i.e., reduction in bulk precipitation efficiency, consistent with the reduction in moderate and light rain events.
