Membrane fluidity and proton permeability may also be modulated by carotenoids in all organisms, depending on carotenoid structure and concentration [9], [10]; these latter functions remain poorly studied, especially in vivo.
Disrupted PtdCho synthesis may also alter membrane fluidity and integrity, which can damage hepatocytes.
However, since non-thermal stressors may also alter membrane fluidity or lead to various types of membrane damage, interactions of Hsp20s with membranes could partly account for the overall stress-responsiveness of the Hsp20 family.
As the presence of detergents are often associated to function impairment in ABC transporters28,69,70, our results also corroborate that reducing its cholesterol content and increasing membrane fluidity may have a deleterious effect not only in protein function but also regarding drug access to ABCG2 from the lipid bilayer.
Increased transmembrane potential, surface area, and membrane fluidity, all of which are associated with neoplastic cells, may also contribute to the selective cytotoxic activity of certain CAPs [ 9].
The addition of olefinic double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids may also be the reason to decrease the fluidity of cell membranes.
The increased levels of microvilli (Chaudhary and Munshi, 1995; Ino et al., 2002) and higher degree of membrane fluidity (Sok et al., 1999; Zeisig et al., 2007) in tumor cells may also facilitate the aggregation of a greater number of NaD1 molecules to the cell surface and assist in penetration and/or destabilization of the membrane, respectively.
Omega-3 fatty acids may also have anti-oxidant effects [ 31] and influence cell membrane fluidity [ 32].
PF10_0111 may also be associated with protein modifications involving a putative ubiquitin transferase (MAL7P1.19) [ 69] and chromatin fluidity involving a putative nucleosome assembly protein (PFI0930c).
Lys-PG may also decrease permeability to cations and protons by raising the surface potential of the membrane, increase membrane fluidity, inhibit genomic DNA replication, and decrease activity of the host defense factor phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (reviewed in [ 60]).
