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Although kidney biopsy sampling for screening of healthy individuals is not clinically feasible because of its invasive nature, carcinogenetic risk estimation using urine, sputum and other body fluid samples may be a promising approach if optimal indicators can be identified by genome-wide DNA methylation profiling at the precancerous stage in the urinary tract, lung and other organs.
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Mounting evidence suggests that levels of amyloid beta and tau obtained from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples may be used to identify patients with pathological changes indicative of AD at autopsy [ 5, 6].
The large differences in intakes of the different fluid types between the samples may be partly explained by differences in climate.
These clinical samples may be from tumor tissue or biological fluids near affected sites.
It is expected that a significant proportion of the fluid samples may give false negative results, limiting the usefulness of testing fluids to assess the infectious status of individual animals, or at least diminishing the reliability of a negative result.
However lung fluid sampling may prove superior as it enables simultaneous microbiological detection of mycobacteria to be performed.
The diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism may be made ante mortem by demonstrating amniotic fluid debris in central blood samples or expectorated sputum.
Fluid retention may be a concern, however.
By optimizing preload and assessing fluid responsiveness, deleterious hypoperfusion and fluid overloading may be prevented.
Injection of bulk fluid may be a confounding factor when studying interstitial fluid transport.
The selective sampling of fluid-producing ducts may be one of the contributing factors underlying the observed low sensitivity of cytology to detect malignant cells in breast fluids.
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