A procedure for a heat-fluid coupling model (HFCM) is presented to simulate the thermal field of mass concrete with a pipe cooling system, which can accurately reflect the temperature gradient near the pipe and the temperature rise along the pipe.
Additionally, to make it suitable for the simulation of forced-convection during pipe cooling, a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) method, based on particle migration is adopted for parameter identification of the Dittus Boelter equation used by the heat-fluid coupling model, according to field tests.
At first, the governing equations used in the DEM (Discrete Element Method) and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) coupling model were non-dimensionalized with the method of Hellums and Churchill (1964).
In the finite element model, the fluid coupling (of the box model or of a complex geometry such as a coiled model) of the cochlea can be written as (49) Q p ¨ FE + H p FE = q FE, where Q is the mass matrix, H is the stiffness matrix, qFE is the BM velocity vector, and pFE is the vector of pressures at all of the nodes [ 76].
Apart from the 1D fluid coupling accounted for in most models, there are many other forms fluid and mechanical longitudinal coupling in the cochlea.
A two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupling model were proposed to analyze the radial particle mixing in the RFB.
More complete models of the fluid coupling must include the three-dimensional fluid effects that occur close to the BM, and the original formulation for 3D fluid coupling was presented in the wavenumber domain [ 23].
An analytic model of the fluid coupling in the coiled cochlea was developed by Steele and Zais [ 133], who concluded that the response was not significantly affected by the coiling.
Because of the nonlinear characteristics of the electromagnetic and fluid field, a 3-D electromagnetic-simplified fluid-thermal coupled model is built, and the coils steady-state temperature and distribution characteristics are stated.
The 3-D electromagnetic-simplified fluid-thermal coupled model makes it possible to predict the thermal performance for the PMLM rapidly and accurately.
