This self-report was confirmed by a screening test: a fluency of word reading test, a test on fluency of pseudoword reading and a verbal IQ measure.
The large Pearson correlation between fluency of word reading II at time 4 and 5 (r = 0.90) suggests that the individual differences in reading skill within this group of children are quite stable.
To investigate the stability of first grade reading skill over time, most children in our sample (N = 53) were tested again on fluency of word reading II at the end of second grade (time 5).
Fluency of word reading [EMT (1-min test), Brus & Voeten, 1980 ] Word recognition was measured by a card with four columns of words (total, 116) with increasing difficulty.
Fluency of word reading II Word recognition at time 4 was measured with the use of cards 1A, 2A and 3A of the Drie-Minuten-Toets (3-min test; Verhoeven, 1995).
> -wrap-foot> aThe lower the score, the faster the letters were produced bCalculation based on control group SD On the fluency of word reading test, the standard deviation in the control group seemed larger than in the experimental group.
Fluency of pseudoword reading [de Klepel (the Clapper); van den Bos et al., 1994 ] Phonological recoding was measured by a card with four columns of pseudowords with increasing difficulty, analogous to the EMT.
Finally, correlational analyses showed no significant relationship between accuracy in speech perception and reading fluency, suggesting that accuracy of speed perception was not an underlying deficit for lack of reading fluency in Dutch RD children.
Developing fluency in L2/FL reading has become an important pedagogical issue in L2 settings and one major component of reading fluency is fast and accurate word recognition.
