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We injected fluctuating currents into the cells to simulate natural membrane potential fluctuations driven by various input events.
When immersed in water at a temperature on the order of 35 °C, a biological membrane undergo random transverse fluctuations, driven by Brownian motion of the water molecules.
Productivity growth has two components: a long-term trend (set by the quality of the workforce, the pace of capital investment and the speed of innovation) and more volatile short-term fluctuations driven by the business cycle.
A similar signal is observed on other Appalachian rivers and may be the result of sediment supply fluctuations driven by the increased frequency of climate changes in the late Cenozoic.
At the finest scale of minutes and hours, our data display strong fluctuations driven by the circadian activities of individuals, as one may easily expect.
Mazzucato, E; Bell, RE; Ethier, S; Hosea, JC; Kaye, SM; Leblanc, BP; Lee, WW; Ryan ,PM; Smith, DR; Wang, WX; Wilson, JR; Yuh, H, Study of turbulent fluctuations driven by the electron temperature gradient in the National spherical torus experiment, Nuclear Fusion, vol. 49 no. 5 (July, 2009), pp. 055001-055001, IOP Publishing [doi] [abs].
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A simulation is carried out for the pressure fluctuation driven by the water hammer, based on a joint use of the one-dimensional method of characteristics (MOC) and the three-dimensional finite volume method (FVM).
Short-term fluctuations, often driven by events beyond the control of the party in power, are inevitable.
These local fluctuations are driven by the Brownian motion of solute molecules which affects the local concentration and temperature and hence supersaturation.
In doing so the momentum exchanged between fluid and particle is transferred instantaneously ensuring a correct treatment of inertia and correct particle velocity fluctuations uniquely driven by fluid thermal forces.
A second explanation is the animal spirits view, in which economic fluctuations are driven by irrational and volatile beliefs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com