However, Due to the discrepancy between the local and long-range channel gain and the fluctuation of small-scale fading between transmitters and receivers, the achievable rate in (2) does not always support the target data rate R at the ith transmitter-receiver link.
This mechanism involves local compositional fluctuations of small amplitude which, when of a certain magnitude, can favor thermodynamically certain regions of the β matrix to transform congruently to the α-phase but with compositions far from equilibrium.
Especially the cyclic fluctuations of small mammal densities have received much attention and controversial explanations [for review e.g. [ 18]].
However, we cannot exclude the possibility of miscapturing fluctuations of small spatial scale, typically encountered at depths smaller than 1 m [ 22].
The reddening of population dynamics has been suggested to be due to short-term fluctuations (of small amplitude) which are superimposed on ever larger long-period variations.
We are interested in local dynamics of biochemical networks involving some species with a small number of molecules so that the system is assumed to be well-mixed and relative fluctuations of small species numbers may play a role in the system dynamics.
The reason is that the direct drive valve (DDV) (a device in governor) of a small power unit in 110 kV power grid is not stable at certain load level, thus it excites the load fluctuation of the small unit and finally leads to the forced oscillation around 1 Hz in many power units nearby, including the Qinshan nuclear unit.
As the statistical results of some common used measurements show that there are large fluctuations because of small sample sizes to induce some indistinct conclusions, and there are even incorrect BTN structure pictures as positive degree relation of the adjacent vertices in those BTNs though they are actually uncorrelated at all, i.e., exhibiting "pseudo positive connectivity correction".
Therefore, a small fluctuation of has little influence on the expression of Ap at steady state.
During the presence of daytime F-region irregularities (3-meter scale), no amplitude scintillations (small S4) and obvious fast fluctuations of TEC (small ROTI) were detected around the region where the 3-meter scale irregularities were observed.
Figure 3 panels c, d, and e show how the signal changes from a relatively pattern-less signal at 100 μM, to switching between a series of current plateaus (Δ I, Figure 3 d) at 1 μM, to individual signal pulses (labeled "LF" for large fluctuations) on a background of small fluctuations (labeled "SF") at 10 nM.
