Furthermore, the variations in the fluctuation directions of the hinge residues of AP2VNC-p1V82A remain within the variations observed in NC-p1WT compared to those observed in NC-p1V82A.
On the other hand, these variations in the fluctuation directions of the hinge residues of LP1′Fp1-p6D30N/N88D largely remain within the variations observed in p1-p6WT compared to those observed in p1-p6D30N/N88D.
Absolute lower orientational correlation values indicate the residues that display larger variations in their fluctuations' directions.
A fluctuation in direction or magnitude of one cell cell force vector exerted on cell m, say f ⇀ i, m, thus has to be counterbalanced by an opposite fluctuation of either the traction forces of cell m, f ⇀ r e s m = − ∫ Ω m T ⇀ (x ⇀ ) d x ⇀, or by the cell cell forces at the remaining interfaces of cell m, ∑ j ≠ i f ⇀ j, m.
Presence of noise can cause local fluctuations of direction of normal vectors and change sign of particular inner products.
The results indicate that the DFRs of fluctuating cases are approximately 65 100% of the maximum airflow rate and DFR is influenced by the wind speed, the opening size and the wind direction fluctuation.
Besides strength, our ridge detection algorithm also reported a width for each ridge point (see Supplementary Materials for details), which depicts the ion positional fluctuation in the direction perpendicular to the path.
Whereas there is little fluctuation in the direction of UNC-40 localization in wild-type animals, and much fluctuation in the UNC-40 (A1056V) and unc-53;unc-6 experiments, in these mutants the fluctuation is intermediate with a ventral bias.
Conversely, temporal fluctuation in the direction of selection across the growing season (Sasaki and Ellner 1997), such as from opposing selection pressures by gape-limited and non-gape-limited fish predators whose predation rate varies seasonally (Branstrator 2005), might maintain high levels of genetic variation in Bythotrephes traits both within and across seasons.
