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In addition, for fluctuating environments, fluctuations of intermediate frequency appear most favorable for elevating mutation rate (Travis and Travis 2002; Palmer and Lipsitch 2006).
Timely actions are especially important when firms are faced with fluctuating environments.
First, fluctuating environments may maintain competing species that otherwise could not coexist (Abrams 2006a).
Cells have evolved diverse mechanisms that maintain intracellular homeostasis in fluctuating environments.
This result confirms previous findings that periodically fluctuating environments may increase local extinction risk.
However, fluctuating environments likely favor a rise in redundancy over time.
Polyploidy can alter plant morphology, phenology, and physiology, increasing plant tolerance to fluctuating environments (Adams and Wendel [2005]).
In general, epigenetic inheritance allows rapid response to inducing stimuli and may be more advantageous than mutation/selection cycles in specific types of fluctuating environments.
We next examined how cells adjust their gene expression adaptively to fluctuating environments.
This is a novel aspect of adaptation in fluctuating environments which has not been discussed so far.
Here, I consider a scenario in which two species with different genetic architectures compete and evolve in fluctuating environments.
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