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This increased cost of resistance would both constrain the continual arms-race selection toward increased resistance/infectivity and lead to fluctuating dynamics as new resistances are gained and old resistances are lost.
Biological systems display many types of dynamic behaviours including stable steady state, sustained oscillations, and irregular fluctuating dynamics (chaos).
To reveal and study the fluctuating dynamics of perceived exertion (PE) during constant-power exercise performed under different conditions (duration, intensity, and termination).
I have adopted the start-up mentality as a way of life but, in the beginning, its fluctuating dynamics were foreign to me.
Under these conditions two main sources of stochasticity naturally arise: the dichotomous fluctuating dynamics of mRNA and the intrinsic noise due to low copy number of species.
What ensued, over the course of a brisk hour and a half, was a parade of fluctuating dynamics and pulsating triplet-based rhythms.
Similar(52)
Specifically, our simulations indicate that both HIV dynamics and malaria dynamics fluctuate but HIV dynamics synchronize with malaria dynamics such that population crashes as a result of malaria infections causing the number of HIV infected individuals to decrease.
This mode of coevolution is termed fluctuating selection dynamics (Gandon et al., 2008).
In Eq. (6) the term c M 1 i (t ) accounts for a dichotomous stochastic process characterized by the rates and states and (0, V −1) respectively, and describes the fluctuating mRNA dynamics.
Understanding the causes and consequences of such fluctuating population dynamics is crucial in a number of biological phenomena, and particularly also in applied fields such as conservation biology and pest management.
Empirical evidence for phage-induced diversification of bacteria comes from recent studies demonstrating fluctuating selection dynamics [ 25], in which there is continual reciprocal adaptation of both partners without directional change in overall infectivity or resistance [ 24, 26].
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