M1 responses are currently discussed to be crucial in mediating protective anti-flu directed immune responses [ 30] and may therefore become an important component of future vaccines.
We analysed the immune status from study participants who did not report any symptoms of ILI since they were either (i) not exposed to pathogens leading to ILI symptoms, (ii) they may have been protected due to pre-existing anti-flu directed immune responses or pdm flu vaccination.
The detection of stronger cellular responses measured after the flu season, directed against M1, from study participants who received pdm flu vaccination (as compared to study participants who had a natural pdm flu infection) argues for a more detailed analysis of the role of M1-specific cellular responses induced by vaccination.
Secondly, the differential quality and quantity of humoral and cellular immune responses directed against flu targets, induced either by flu vaccination or by flu infection, has not been well defined.
Our data indicate that the cross-reactive Tc cell responses induced by γ-Flu are predominantly directed against the internal proteins, indicated by lysis of NPP-labeled targets (Figure 1D).
This study showed that pdm flu vaccination (A/California/7/2009) induced increased levels of A/H1N1/California/7/2009-specific Abs, but also strong immune cellular responses (measured by IFN-γ production in a whole-blood assay) directed against flu A antigens from H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 strains, flu B strains, and the flu M1 matrix antigen.
THE FLU SEASON By Will Eno; directed by Hal Brooks; sets by David Korins; costumes by Becky Lasky; lighting by Mark Barton; sound by Sloan Alexander; makeup, Stephanie Pasicov; composer/music supervisor, Mike Errico; production stage manager, Douglas Shearer.
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This would also fit with the hypothesis that IFN-γ production directed against related flu antigens upon natural by pdmH1N1 infection is short-lived as compared to IFN-γ induced by pdm flu vaccination.
So far, all of the infected people are thought to have caught the flu after direct contact with sick birds.
With the appearance of a new H2N2 pandemic strain in 1957 ("Asian flu"), the direct H1N1 viral descendants of the 1918 pandemic strain disappeared from human circulation entirely, although the related lineage persisted enzootically in pigs.
