During morning observations on rainy or windy days, I did not observe any insects within flowers, excluding pollination by sheltering as suggested in Iris atropurpurea (Watts et al. 2013).
Tissue-specific promoters of interest in genetic engineering strategies include those associated with photosynthesis where expression is restricted to "green" tissues, and is considerably lower or absent in non-photosynthetic tissues like roots, mature flowers (excluding sepals) and mature fruit/nuts.
The Mostly Male (MM) theory predicts that, of genes expressed primarily in male versus female gymnosperm cones, an excess of male orthologs will be expressed in flowers, excluding ovules, while Out Of Male (OOM) and Out Of Female (OOF) theories predict no such excess.
T2 seed were collected and flowering time determined by days-to-flower excluding the period of vernalization treatment and final leaf number at flowering.
To investigate the spatial geometry of routes, we used only the first visit to each flower, thus excluding revisits to empty flowers as described in Lihoreau, Chittka & Raine (2010).
Field experiments have revealed no decrease in seed set or viability from flowers bagged to exclude pollinators compared to uncovered controls, confirming that the species is fully self-compatible ([ 9]; IT Baldwin, unpublished results).
This condition would exclude flowers or the sexually dimorphic plumage ornaments of birds as art since these are not artifactual products of an individual, but parts of the individual.
To examine the breeding system in L. borealis, we randomly selected 25 individuals (genets) and bagged flower buds with fine nylon mesh nets to exclude flower visitors before treatments.
The essential oil was obtained from vegetative and flowering parts (excluding main stems and branches) through steam distillation.
The 40 plants (20 of each gender) selected for the reduced pollination treatments remained covered with mesh for the entire flowering season to exclude all insect pollination.
