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The most important reason for these strain- and stress-induced population shifts is probably that particularly Methanobacterium and Methanothermobacter archaea have higher growth rates than Methanosarcina representatives and are thus more capable of coping with the dilution rate under the influence of stress factors in flow-through processes.
Whilst adsorption, entrapment and covalent-cross coupling procedures are feasible for continuous flow-through processes in industry [ 3], the latter is essential for the production of ELISA conjugates.
Flow-through H2O2 electrochemical generation experiment indicated 2-electron ORR was the dominant reaction on CFC cathode at optimum applied voltage of 1.6 1.8 V, H2O2 production increased with the increment of flux in flow-through process, and 0.04 M Na2SO4 was adequate to support to the flow-through electrochemical reaction.
On the other hand, the flow-through process operates batchwisely for what concerns the solid biomass, while it is an open reactor referred to the aqueous stream.
To facilitate the flow-through process, silica (30 nm), which is hydrophilic, was deposited on the backside of the chips using electron-beam evaporation.
Differently, in the case of the flow-through process, released lignin compounds are conveyed out of the system before they can react, thus still remaining in solution and leading to accumulation of higher lignin concentration in the hydrolysate.
In brief, all three reactors facilitate high temperature, pressurized, dilute acid catalyzed processes, but employ distinct operational modes: the ZC and SG are batch-type reactors wherein the biomass is pretreated and discharged at the end of pretreatment; the HS reactor is a flow-through process in which acid-impregnated biomass is continuously fed into the reactor.
Interestingly, even if the amount of monomeric sugars is always higher in the batch-derived hydrolysate, at the highest investigated temperature, the total amount of solubilized biomass is higher in the flow-through process (40.3 % compared to that found for the batch system that was 34.0 % as reported in Table 2).
Operating methods for control valves, which are designed to control or direct gas and liquid flow through process systems or fluid-power circuits, range from manual to remote, automatic operation.
The dilute sulfuric acid cycle spray flow-through (DCF) process enhanced xylose sugar yields and cellulose digestibility while increasing the removal of lignin.
Thanks to the combination of specific LDR-probes and the flow-through hybridization process, results were obtained in a few hours.
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