The economic cost of the disease comes from its effect on mortality (infected individuals can die prematurely) and morbidity (lower productivity and/or lower flow of utility from a given consumption bundle).
Using a seven-compartment urban metabolic network model of Beijing, China, as a case study, we examined the degree of synergism of the compartments, determined the nature of the resulting ecological relationships, and determined the flow of utility to each compartment within the system.
Cutting the flow of water utility revenues would spell extra trouble for the city's budget, which already faces a projected $10-million 10-million deficitgnant revenues andueising employee pension and healto-care costagnant
In the targeting method as energy increases, heat exchanger area decreases, but piping size increases as the mass flow rate of utility streams increases.
Already security researchers are discovering flaws in things such as communications protocols that govern the flow of data between utilities' SCADA systems and the remote substations they control.
An alternative approach is the option value developed by Stock and Wise (1990), in which a representative agent considers the flow of expected future utilities to continue working against retirement.
This paper proposes to view in a system architecture the flow of service (or utility) that the system will provide over its design lifetime.
In each time slice, the heat cascade constraints are considered together with the flows of the utility streams and the mass balances for storage, which create a link between the different operating times.
receives, day in and day out, a flow of information from the utilities under its monitoring, like data on the performance of power lines.
It oversees a market for companies looking to buy and sell power, and coordinates the flow of electricity by ordering utilities to put more onto the grid or to throttle back when it risks an overload.
