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By adsorbing to membrane surfaces, humic materials both impede the flow of permeate and modify the surface chemistry of the membrane.
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It was found that the feed concentration of salt is the most important factor affecting the exergy efficiency, the volumetric flow rate of permeate, and the salt rejection.
Semi-empirical models to predict the exergy efficiency, the volumetric flow rate of permeate, and the salt rejection as functions of the feed water concentration, and the pump and the membrane characteristics were proposed.
The minimization of the unit cost of desalted water was the goal of the performed optimization; the sensitivity of fresh water unit cost to variations in the flow rate of permeate exiting the RO section is also investigated to determine the optimal design.
As the salt concentration in the permeate is almost constant and very small, the backwash flow rate of permeate water to the feed side is proportional to the salt concentration in the feed side.
The PV system was able to supply the load without any significant disturbances; while the RO unit showed stable levels of permeate flow and salinity.
The membrane performances were evaluated in terms of permeate flow velocity, high lactate permeability, and low macromolecule permeability.
Performance of the module is gauged by measuring the flow rate and purity of permeate, salt rejection efficiency, and silt density index (SDI) of feed water entering the module (Al-Ahmad et al. 2000).
Glass soap bubble flow meter was employed for measuring rate of permeate stream.
The current study aims to highlight the effect of flow pattern on the variations of permeate fluxes over the membrane surface during desalination in a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) flat module.
This paper considers the various options for a small system, designed to deliver a permeate flow of 400 1000 l/d from brackish wells.
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