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The floral odor signals like specific allelic combinations or novel phenotypes represent fitness peaks for their plants in an adaptive landscape, which is subject to various forms of natural selection.
Honeybees, in particular, would be afforded a substantial fitness advantage: both the floral odor signals and food rewards' quality and quantity are highly variable, so the ability to modulate sensitivity to specific features in floral odors in accordance with reward quality could improve a foraging worker's efficiency for obtaining floral rewards.
Floral odor was collected in a climate chamber using the dynamic heaspace method.
Neuragen PN® has a unique floral odor due to its volatile botanical constituents.
We investigated flower size, flower number and floral odor emission in male and female S. latifolia plants.
In contrast to S. latifolia which emits veratrole in its floral odor, S. dioica emits no veratrole [ 6].
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The chemical composition of floral odors is more complex than insect pheromones.
Its responses to ligands of pheromones and floral odors were recorded by impedance spectroscopy.
Workers also learn to respond to floral odors, which, prior to the learning experience, do not typically elicit such strong innate responses as do pheromones [10].
Workers learn the association of floral odors with the nectar and/or pollen rewards offered by the flowers, thus allowing for future identification of the flowers from which the rewards can be harvested [11].
An olfactory biosensor based on odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) was designed by immobilizing honeybee OBPs (Acer-ASP2) on the interdigitated golden electrodes, with its ligands of floral odors and pheromones detected by electrochemical impedance sensing.
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