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Figure 13.7: Typical behavior of power available as a function of flight velocity.
The shortest time-to-climb occurs at the flight velocity where is a maximum.
We see that the propulsive efficiency is zero when the flight velocity is zero (no useful work, just a force), and tends towards one when the flight velocity increases.
The final shape is determined by the initial size, viscosity, and flight velocity of the lava bomb.
The power available is a function of the propulsion system, the flight velocity, altitude, etc. Typically it takes a form such as that shown in Figure 13.7.
Therefore, it is more useful to write our expressions in terms of flight velocity, thrust,, (which must equal drag for steady level flight) and propeller disk area,.
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At low flight velocities, the highest propulsive efficiency is typically obtained with a propeller or an unducted fan. Figure 11.5 shows a propeller craft, and Figure 11.6 shows a sketch of a jet engine with an unducted fan. Figure 11.7 shows propulsive efficiency as a function of airspeed for different engine bypass ratios.
Typical initial flight velocities are in the range of v c (0)∼30−200 m/s.
The second method of categorization considered the flight velocities (vf = vxz) of the hornets in the same 10 frames prior to shimmering.
The velocities of the zebra finches in our experiment reached up to 3.5 m/s while Schilstra and van Hateren [8] measured flight velocities of only up to 1.2 m/s for the blowfly.
The value mDxy factually is the result of vector subtraction, because they refer to data of pooled individual flight paths, and therefore mDxy is a function of turning ranges ρxy of the hornet (ρxy = max θxy−min θxy) rather than a function of the flight velocities vxy of the hornet (compare Results, chapter 'Small-scale and big-scale shimmering').
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