Since the TCP RTO is estimated on the basis of previous samples of the RTT, when such fluctuations exceed the estimated RTO, the in-flight packet is prematurely considered as it was lost, even if it is correctly received after the RTO deadline (i.e., spurious timeout), and an unnecessary retransmission is triggered (i.e., spurious retransmission).
This LMAG will also implement a buffering technique to store in-flight packets.
Finally, with IPM-TP architecture, the original LSP tunnel is extended to forward all in-flight packets and buffer them in the new LMAG.
With this mechanism, the total cost is lower than PMIP-MPLS because, with this protocol, all in-flight packets are lost when a handover is produced.
Finally a modified version of the AMP-TCP, called Vegas-Like AMP-TCP, is proposed and compared with the well known TCP Vegas algorithm in term of providing the desired number of buffered in-flight packets in the network.
By considering this queue design, it is possible to keep an optimal operation-working point while enhancing the satellite efficiency, given that the amount of packets to be buffered in the AQM system is set equal to the total in-flight packets that the satellite system is able to transport.
However, in PMIPv6 or PMIP-MPLS protocols, in-flight data packets destined for the MN will be lost in the handover process.
After the forwarding of the final packet in flight to the target eNB, the final resources are released by the source eNB and the handover is finalized.
After the spurious RTO, the late-arriving acknowledgments (Acks) can encourage TCP to retransmit all the packets in flight, which may all have been correctly received by the TCP receiver.
Δ x is the width of the detection zone, Δ v i the velocity range that would be probed without (i=1) and with (i=2) the dispersion of the packet during the flight from source to detection.
And Eclipse Aviation's Vern Raburn Vern Raburn says that before every flight a pilot is issued a packet of flight information, and at this point he or she could easily be screened for security.
