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More than that, water fleas can be a good indicator of how exposure to life in space can affect humans.
As a matter of fact, fleas can be infected by both R. typhi and R. felis [13], which may thus have been the source of contamination.
Fleas can be found worldwide and are vectors of several important zoonoses, including plague caused by Yersinia pestis (1 ).
Thus, R. felis strains infecting cat fleas can be considered facultative parasites (as opposed to "symbionts" because all Rickettsia species demand considerable metabolites from host cells).
In conclusion we believe that detection of Y. pestis in fleas can be a useful tool for epidemiologic surveillance of plague in specific settings and could thus serve to study the risk for reemergence of the disease.
Fleas can be a perennial problem in subtropical and tropical climate zones, seasonal in more tempered climate zones and practically non-existent in arid, high elevation, or cold climates [ 7, 8 ].
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The nascent dance program at the Flea can be traced directly to Ms. Simon, who is 23.
However, while bubonic plague is usually transmitted by bites from rat-borne fleas and can be treated with antibiotics, pneumonic plague can be inhaled and transmitted between humans without involvement of animals or fleas.
The WHO works with local medical authorities when plague outbreaks are identified, and if identified quickly bubonic plague from flea bites can be treated successfully with antibiotics.
It's funny how something that looks common amid the clutter of a giant flea market can be transformed into something that looks striking in a different context like, say, sitting on a coffee table in northern California.
If you're up for rummaging and have a discerning eye, Berlin's flea markets can be a good bargain option; the Arkonaplatz market (Sundays 10am-4pm) in Prenzlauer Berg has a hip, alternative vibe and great 1970s clothes and furniture.
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