Sentence examples for flea samples were from inspiring English sources

To determine R. felis-infection density Rf17kDa/Cf18S ratios for individual flea samples were calculated after the logarithmic transformation of the quantity of the genes of interest (Rf17kDa and Cf18S).

Extraction blanks, consisting of water processed along with flea samples, were also included as controls.

Flea samples were tested for Bartonella spp. DNA by using the 7900 HT Fast Quantitative Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and primers and Taqman probes specific for the 16S 23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region as described (5 ).

R. felis infection in flea samples was detected by PCR amplification of a small portion of the R. felis 17-kDa antigen gene using primers (Rf17.153 5'-AGGACAGCTTGTCGGAGTAGG-3' and Rf17.309 5'-ACGCCATTCTACGCTAGTGC-3') derived from the complete genome of R. felis available on GenBank (Accession #: CP000053).

To determine R. felis-infection load, fleas were individually titrated and the total number of R. felis (17-kDa copy number) in each individual flea sample was determined by qPCR.

†Includes 2 mice and 4 fleas collected in 2007 from Nanakuli; these samples were PCR negative.

Gerbils and (from 1975 onwards) fleas were trapped and tested for Y. pestis infection; samples were pooled at the 10 × 10 km sector level [ 7].

For serologic diagnosis, serum samples were tested for rickettsial-specific antibodies by IFA using whole cell antigens of R. felis isolated from the cat flea.

However, because plague is endemic to the region, and flea samples from which isolates were obtained were collected at the home and along a local trail on which the patients hiked, either location could be the source.

The prevalence of flea-borne spotted fever in all tested samples was 4.4% (9/204).

Another major difference is that, in red squirrels with lesions, the majority of tissue samples (and fleas) analysed will be positive, whereas even in a positive grey squirrel, most tissue samples are likely to be negative, with only a few sites being positive.