The thickness of the flame decreased with decreasing oxygen concentration.
In the case of burning spray, the natural luminosity of the flame decreases remarkably with the hydrous ethanol increasing, indicating the soot reduction in the flame.
The flame height, marked by visible flame radiation, remained constant at about 5.5 mm and the cross-sectional area of the flame decreased with increasing pressure.
The calculated temperature along the trailing flame decreased downstream due to radiative cooling, leading to local extinction at <1300 K and flame tip opening.
Under the microgravity condition, the results showed that the propagation speed of tribrachial flame decreased with the mixture fraction gradient, in agreement with previous studies.
The calculated emissive power of the assumed disk flame decreases with time and approaches the asymptote, depending on the depth of the vapor zone.
As the separation distance increases, the heating length (the fuel area exposed to the flame) decreases, resulting in a decreasing total heat input and a decreasing solid burning rate.
The predicted surface energy balance shows that as the feedback from the flame decreases, the importance of the ongoing heat losses becomes greater, and extinction is observed when these losses represent 80% or more of the flame feedback.
The prediction shows that at inlet temperatures below the auto-ignition temperature, the predicted laminar burning velocity which corresponds to the unburned mixture velocity in order to create a steady laminar flame decreases with increase in pressure.
The experimental results show that under certain conditions the application of the magnetic field decreased the flame height, prevented the flame from attaching to the prisms, increased the intensity of the flame, decreased the flow rate for which visible soot inception occurred, and increased the flow rate below which the flame extinguished.
