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After about 1912, white flame carbon arc instruments, such as the Klieg light (made by Kliegl Brothers and used for stage shows) were adapted for motion pictures.
Non-crystalline forms can be classified into flame carbons, cokes and natural coals; quite common forms of carbon black pigment are lamp black (a flame carbon obtained burning oil or resins) and chars obtained from wood (e.g. vine black) or bone materials (e.g. ivory black) [15].
It shows a corresponding first order dependence on flame total sodium concentration, a zero order dependence on flame carbon, an insensitivity to fuel type, equivalence ratio, flame temperature, flow rate, probe material, or the nature of the sodium speciation in the flame, be it atomic or the hydroxide, or the state of the flame equilibration.
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They are composed by some form of elemental carbon and four groups may be distinguished: graphite, flame carbons, chars, and cokes [1 3].
These black particles are very fine and with a high refractive index (n > 1.662), combined with the content of C, O suggests the presence of flame carbons.
Red lead, red ochre, cinnabar, atacamite, malachite, botallackite, orpiment, yellow ochre, Prussian blue, smalt, azurite, lead white, flame carbons were used.
The selected pigments comprised graphite (crystalline carbon), lampblack and bistre (flame carbons), bitumen and ivory black (cokes), commercial wood charcoal (char), and Vandyke brown and Cassel earth (black earths).
Then a kaolin-pigmented priming layer was painted on the fine coat, which was finally painted with red lead, red ochre, cinnabar, atacamite, malachite, botallackite, orpiment, yellow ochre, Prussian blue, smalt, azurite, lead white and flame carbons on top.
In addition, due to the unsteady flame and carbon supply during combustion, inhomogeneous carbon nanostructures were fabricated eventually.
In this paper, the core was extracted (using laser cutting) from the standard flame retardant carbon fiber hat stiffener.
Our results show that the electrical properties of flame formed carbon nanoparticles are strongly dependent on their nanostructure, and hence they have to be used carefully for the determination of particle concentration with conductometric sensors.
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