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Diagnosis: This species is very similar to Yaukthwa paiensis, but differs from it by more developed umbo and fixed nucleotide substitutions (Table 2).
Diagnosis: Yaukthwa paiensis resembles its sister species, Y. inlenensis, but is distinguished by its more elongate shell outline, more parallel dorsal and ventral margins, less distinct umbo, and fixed nucleotide substitutions (Table 2).
Large genetic distance, multiple genetically fixed nucleotide site differences, morphological and habitat distinctions, and extremely limited hybridization of gene flow between forest and savannah elephants support the recognition and conservation management of two African species: Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis.
However, in some cases where a barcoding gap was not observed, morphological species were still diagnosable at the molecular level due to fixed nucleotide substitutions, e.g., Neobidessodes samkrisi and N. flavosignatus [17] diverge by as little as 0.85 to 1.14% but are diagnosable by five fixed nucleotide characters.
The physically unlinked centromeric regions on all three chromosomes of these closely related taxa contain fixed nucleotide differences which have been found in nearly complete linkage disequilibrium in geographic areas of no or low M-S hybridization.
This is in clear contrast with the ∼1 Myr and ∼0.5 Myr old inversions 2j and 2q7 where 17 and 14 fixed nucleotide substitutions were observed, respectively [38], [60].
Similar(31)
All fixed nucleotides were also conserved in the investigated strains in the 2 gene alignments.
All sequenced isolates of identified F. asiaticum were further compared with the species type strain NRRL 13818 on the defined fixed nucleotides of RED sequence, and the results showed that they were identical at all fixed nucleotides.
and F. meridionale were also supported by the fixed nucleotides presenting in the 2 gene sequences and by the morphology of the sexual and conidial stages.
The pathogenic isolates were genetically characterized by sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), phylogenetic analysis and fixed nucleotides to clarify their phylogenetic species, and by PCR assays of TRI genes to determine trichothecene genotypes.
Type III primers are arbitrary degenerative primers that contain just 4-6 fixed nucleotides at the 3' end (Additional files 1, Table S3).
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