Nowadays, most argumentation systems build their arguments on the basis of a single, fixed knowledge base, often under the form of a logic program as in Defeasible Logic Programming or in Assumption-Based Argumentation.
Here we can see that after about 100 trials the algorithm clearly distinguishes between children with different levels of fixed knowledge.
It follows that a system will be unpredictable to the extent that information we can obtain about the past states of the system is, or is very close to, probabilistically independent of future states, holding fixed our knowledge of the laws.
A risk of traditional queries based on a list of keywords is that the perimeter of the search is fixed by the knowledge of the expert selecting the keywords themselves, and therefore it is difficult to find less known, unexpected or divergent solutions.
And Pascal criticized those of his contemporaries who remained slavish to the authority of the Ancients; he thought that the work of the Ancients was a fixed body of knowledge that was difficult to extend, and suggested that knowledge is instead a cumulative process making it easier to move forward as time goes on and foundations are made more secure.
To read is to describe and/or re-say, while explanation is understood to be a pragmatic action rather than a fixing of knowledge.
How can a fixed set of knowledge and resources be deployed to manage this uncertainty?
Undergraduate education is undergoing a shift away from the traditional transmission of a fixed body of knowledge to a learning approach where the emphasis is on supporting learners to learn.
The interception of Dowler's voicemails is "an extremely important" part of the prosecution case against Brooks, Coulson and the paper's then managing editor Stuart Kuttner that "fixes" them to "knowledge of phone hacking", jurors were told.
Second, it shifted students from viewing science as a fixed, unchanging body of knowledge to appreciating the complexity of using this knowledge to make relevant and valid judgments about their environment, and this resonated with the nature of science learning as presented by Capps and Crawford (2013) earlier.
