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The lower-level model was a user equilibrium assignment model with fixed demand.
The design of such timetables has recently received a certain attention in the literature, but the standard model aims to optimize the service for a fixed demand.
Reconciling a varying supply with a fixed demand requires a good prediction of that supply, so that demand can be regulated accordingly.
These results indicate resources such as the nest box may be a fixed demand for all hens but the extent of utilization for other aviary resources depends on the individual hen.
By using it, it is shown numerically for the first time in the literature that the assumption of fixed demand influences the location decision very much, and therefore the selection of the type of demand (fixed or variable) must be made with care when modeling location problems.
A traffic equilibrium problem with fixed demand constraints.
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Strategic investment of grant money, linked to investors who don't have fixed demands on returns".
Also a network with the multi-mode demand satisfaction policy is much more robust than those with conventional policy of fixed demands.
The three other members of the diplomatic quartet that drew up the plan -- the United Nations, the European Union and Russia -- regard it as fixed, demanding immediate concessions from both sides, according to diplomats involved in the process.
ISO solves the optimal power flow allocation problem (underline {S} underline {D}(P)), underline {p})) given fixed demands (underline {D}) and generation/supply costs (underline {p}). 4.
Policies that fix demand for corn from the ethanol market, she explained, have a destabilizing effect on corn prices, especially in the face of supply shortages.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com