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Such relationships however are weaker or absent when controlling for fixed country effects.
It uses (2) first differences to transform the regressors and remove the fixed country effects.
Unless the influence of the fixed country characteristics on the results is removed, the results will be biased by these omitted variables.
The main analytical approach employed in the paper is regression estimation based on micro-data, with fixed country effects and cluster-robust standard-errors.
Nevertheless, the results obtained with control for fixed country effects are much closer to the actual causal effects than those obtained without such control.
The dramatic difference in results is due to the fact that the changes in amount of computer use are related to fixed country characteristics, such as economic and technological level, which in turn are correlated with achievement.
Similar(53)
Today, a shared management of European asylum is necessary also financially, fixing Country quotas if needed.
"The Kirchners fixed the country.
To keep the exchange rate fixed, the country has to use its foreign-currency reserves to buy back some of its own currency.
Countries are treated as fixed effects using country indicator variables in the fixed part of the model (BCj).
Preisdent Buhari then went on to tell the nation that this was an opportunity to "fix" the country's problems.
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