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In different contexts, fitness, yield or productivity could be used.
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Of the three tested models with purifying selection, the one in which the distribution of replacement rates is derived from a stochastic population model with additive per-gene fitness yields the best fits to the data.
Such a decrease in fitness yields a different ESS in which ⅓ of the cells are normal (dove) and ⅔ are malignant (hawk).
Heterosis is the increase in fitness and yield of F1 hybrids derived from a cross between distantly related genotypes.
This shade avoidance response (SAR) typically includes increased stem elongation at the expense of plant fitness and yield, making it an undesirable trait in an agricultural context.
Indeed, the adoptive transfer of memory CD8+ T cells with sustained metabolic fitness may yield better antitumor protection in both mouse models and the clinic.
Genotypes resulting in high male fitness will yield low female fitness (and vice versa) [ 40, 57].
Controlled experiments indicate that several Amaranthus species can fully recover from complete mechanical defoliation with small to negligible effects on fitness and yield (Vargas-Ortiz E, unpublished data).
Fitness and yield are determined by complex interactions among traits expressed throughout plant development, such as flowering time [ 4, 5], fruit shape [ 6], seed size [ 7, 8] and seed number [ 9].
If any other traits were under substantial selection in primordial genomes, and these traits were not perfectly congruent with error minimization, then an evolutionary process favoring increased fitness would yield a sub-optimal genetic code.
Given the large influence of sections of A1 on reproductive fitness and yield, this chromosome should be a primary target for fine-mapping and candidate gene screening using association analyses in Brassica species.
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