By using the same algorithm with switching goals, we can extend the productive search length considerably; both the fitness and robustness of such designs are improved.
In this paper, we have integrated the properties of sports with PSO algorithm and proposed an efficient player selection strategy based diversified PSO (EPS-dPSO), which improves the fitness and robustness of the technique without compromising the computational complexity of the algorithm.
It must be noted, however, that for field application of these systems, the plant fitness and robustness will have to be considered.
In particular, other biotechnological approaches, such as genome sequencing, functional genomics, genome engineering and omics will also provide a basis for pathway or genome reconstruction to improve its fitness and robustness for environmental stress [ 160, 161].
In all cases we observed the evolution of distinct phenotypic clusters, restricted genotypic variation, increasing hybrid fitness and increasing robustness to recombination under random mating.
The introduction of the lethality scheme used in [ 55] implies that Hamming classes that are further away from the master sequence have more lethal sequences, and therefore a lesser effective fitness: as both robustness and replicative ability decrease.
Recent studies with poliovirus (PV) have also demonstrated that mutational differences within a population can have dramatic effects on pathogenicity (Pfeiffer and Kirkegaard, 2005; Vignuzzi et al., 2006) as well as fitness, virulence, and robustness (Lauring et al., 2012).
Despite the robustness of fitness to decreases in E1 activation efficiency, the effects of most ubiquitin mutations on E1 activation paralleled the effects on growth rate.
To meet the new challenges posed by the biotechnological production of fuels, chemicals and materials, microbes should exert strong physiological robustness and fitness, in addition to strong metabolic capabilities, to enable them to work efficiently in actual bioprocesses.
While the lethality data suggested that genes that are more important determinants of fitness have greater environmental robustness, our analysis of Ka/Ks showed the opposite pattern.
