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Lots of empirical studies of natural selection in the wild have shown consistent ordinal fitness relations (see Endler 1986).
Their main objection to fitness theory is that fitness relations are not primitive moral constructs, but actually presuppose more primitive constructs — i.e., God's will and human interest.
In later works, Cockburn explicitly adopts the language of fitness relations to describe the necessary moral order arising from our created natures.
Cockburn objects to this view, arguing that it ignores the underlying fitness relations that serve to define what harms and benefits are significant or relevant for human beings in particular circumstances.
Of course, the more important question is whether fitness relations to longevity differ for males or females leading to the expectation of higher immunity and longevity in either sex.
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In addition to self-reported work ability we will also consider a measure of work ability in means of physical fitness relation to occupational demands.
It will be of considerable interest to try to quantify both the cancer-specific length scale (if it exists) and the functional form of the fitness relation in future work.
This hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence from interspecific comparisons of brain size in relation to fitness-related behaviors believed to be associated with cognitive ability across a variety of taxa [ 10 17].
These findings and those on outbreeding effects on plant fitness in relation to snail damage suggest that outbreeding depression in fitness may only become apparent under herbivore damage.
The comparative role of symbiont type in holobiont fitness in relation to host genotype or the environment, however, is largely unknown.
The two Fringilla finches show the same wide range of egg colors, including pure blue, green, reddish-grey and dark olive-brown clutches (Figure 1A), and are thus apt for investigating fitness in relation to variation in egg phenotypes.
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