Specifically, fitness captures migration load as well as changes in the genetic mean and variance, population size reflects the fraction of natural spawners of natural origin, and post-aquaculture recovery time parallels the effect of a continued aquaculture program on the recovery of a small wild population (Supporting Information Appendix A).
This will pull up a menu where where you can start a new run of 100 generations at a time, after specifying fitnesses, mutation rates, migration rates, and initial frequency of the A allele.
Finally, we modified the Euler Lotka equation to reflect that only a proportion of the adults (ages 3 6) breed at a given age: 6 We then calculated the relative fitness (of the yearling migration tactic to the subyearling migration tactic) as rREL = r1/ r1/
Thus, understanding p0 is crucial for understanding the relative fitness of the two migration tactics.
Warmer global temperatures will likely shift the distribution of salmon habitat northward geographically, increasing the productivity of most existing nursery lakes, but increasing the difficulty (fitness cost) of anadromous migration in southern areas as rivers warm and summer flows decrease.
The answer to this question is expected to depend on a number of factors such as migration rate, fitness cost of the transgenes, density-dependent mechanisms for population regulation, age, and sex of the released insects, and thus can only be addressed by a model with explicit spatial structure and ecological processes included.
Numerical simulation at different migration probability and fitness cost pairs, (m,c), shows that there is a critical fitness cost above which patchy release results in a lower release threshold than central release for any migration probability.
In Figure 2d, we present three discussion questions that highlight these key metapopulation points: the striking divergence between populations, equal mean fitness of all genotypes, and migration between populations.
Our model captures the fitness disadvantage associated with cell migration in that emigrating cells are removed from the model.
We also show that there is an evolutionary force acting to increase the frequency, within a local population, of those strategies for which fitness is negatively correlated with migration rate.
