Sentence examples for fitness manipulation from inspiring English sources

Several methods for gene drive under consideration include Wolbachia symbionts [11], [16] [17], fitness manipulation [18], transposable elements (TE's) [7], [13], MEDEA [9] and homing endonucleases (HEGs) [19].

To quantify pattern or mode of selection, we used recapture rates (number recaptured/number released) to obtain values of relative fitness for each manipulation group.

Inherited microbes with imperfect transmission are expected to be lost from their host lineages if no other mechanisms increase their persistence (i.e., host reproductive manipulation and/or fitness benefits to host).

We suggest that females use miRNA regulators to buffer their physiological processes against transcriptional noise introduced by mating and potentially to minimize the negative fitness effects of male manipulation.

Several studies investigated fitness outcomes of these manipulations.

We are unaware of a literature of studies that examine fitness consequences of experimental manipulations of scent and nectar independently and simultaneously, but would be happy to do so if the reviewer could give us a pointer to this literature.

However, as with any complex and intimate interaction, there is a mixture of common and divergent interests with opportunities for mutual benefit 11 and manipulation 12. Fitness interests of gut microbes are also often not aligned, because members of the microbiota compete with one another over habitat and nutrients.

Physiological costs are evaluated either by examining the phenotypic correlation between fitness traits or through experimental manipulation.

This approach revealed that the expression of many yeast isozymes diverges in response to carbon availability and that carbon source manipulations can induce fitness phenotypes for seemingly redundant isozymes.

Manipulations of dominant fitness would be particularly helpful to test the pay-to-stay hypothesis (e.g. reducing the dominant's clutch size suggesting egg eating by a subordinate [38]), as it should immediately lead to breeder punishment of subordinates [44], and in the most extreme case to dominants evicting subordinates from their group [20], [32].

We have extensively rewritten the entire manuscript to focus on validating fitness effects using specific genetic manipulations and field trials.